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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist tendencies. However, it is more stable than what one might expect. The country is in search of an innovative development paradigm. A Confucian culture that values respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the society. There are signs that a secular culture is gaining ground. Origins In the early days the ancestors of the modern Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and even made furs. These people formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon paper making, block printing art styles, as well as writing to Japan. Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and other senior officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of its population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to serve in the army or build fortifications. Onjo Prince Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje at the end of the time. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian beliefs into its official belief system and made the male-centric concept of filiopiety an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by all and respected by their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE. Development in Korea The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements are evident in the form stone-lined cist graves with precious goods like amazonite jewelry being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from huge single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country. In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. The peninsula was later ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern part of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful but its dynasty dissolved by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE and left Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea enters a post-crisis era the way it develops appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the immense cost of the old system advocate an extensive program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand champions of the old system want to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears of job loss. Analysts and academics are divided about the extent to which Korea's growth is being driven by these two trends. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution including the illiberal democratic period (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies important factors that appear to influence these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their beliefs to this population. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that almost three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution 39% of respondents said that the theory contradicted their religion and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier species of life. In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea was primarily focused on educating students and in bringing Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. The event attracted a large audience of scientists, professors and church leaders. The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st in 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, in which it covered its activities and also published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of films and slides from ICR, as well as some books on the subject that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country in churches and universities. One example of an KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured funding to construct a small creationist museum on campus. In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. This magazine covers topics in the creation science. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also established an organization of local branch offices that offer seminars and talks to schoolchildren and community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. 에볼루션 카지노 was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In the period of this transition the samulnori, or dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various types of musical instruments. The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new paradigm of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also requires a change in the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining policies that shaped the pre-crisis system. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4. The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and people from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border. The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo. However the rule of his was short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as a successor state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.